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Which Are The Legal Institutions?

States are organized differently, according to the political ideology to which they adhered. However, all states have a system of institutions charged to apply the law and make sure that it is respected. Specific functions in the state may be fulfilled by different institutions, which serve the interests of the country and its people. Philosophers and thinkers have written a lot about how a state should function and what would be the most suitable type of separation of powers, thus shaping the functioning of states and legal institutions.

First, there is the legislative system. It is almost worldwide called Parliament, and it can be too either unicameral or bicameral. Its main function is to pass, amend and repeal the laws proposed by the executive. Besides enacting laws, the legislature can also raise or lower taxes or adopt the national budget. It is an independent branch, just like the executive and the judiciary and from its members it is chose the prime minister.

Speaking of army, the military forces and the police are also considered to be legal institutions, even though they roles are separated and not to be confounded. The military responds mainly for external conflicts, being also allowed to use lethal force and weapons in order to avert any threat addressed to the state. On the other hand, the police is conceived as an organism whose function is to protect the society and properties and make sure there are no cases of civil disorders. Policemen are allowed to use the force and weapons only when the use is legitimized, so that they can enforce the law.

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Once the law exists, another institution must make sure it is abode by and applied. This is the judiciary, or the judicial system, which consists of judges who mediate the disputes within the state. There must be made a difference: judicial institutions do not enforce the law or make it, but they interpret and apply it. The higher judicial organism in the state is the Supreme Court, bearing different names according to different states and their internal organization.

Last but not least, the judiciary system is responsible to interpret and apply the law, but not enforce it. Judges are meant to mediate disputes and give objective verdicts. The judiciary is organized in appeal courts, subordinated to a supreme court, but that again depends on the specific organization of each state. The judiciary is bound by the constitution that it has to interpret in the same time with all the other laws. This enumeration ends with the civil society and the legal professions, viewed as well as legal institutions.

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